Monday, February 8, 2016
4p-8p 4 Hours Interned
Objective #2:
2.
Will verbally demonstrate knowledge of tests included in a CMP and
CBC/diff including abnormalities, what disease process they might indicate and
possible signs and symptoms that a patient might demonstrate given these
values.
Albumin Normal Values: 3.5-5.5 g/dL
Low Albumin Levels Signify- A warning and indication that further investigation may be needed. Low albumin levels can reflect a temporary of more permanent condition. Low levels suggest liver disease. It can also reflect diseases in which the kidneys are not preventing albumin from leaking from the blood into the body, thus, not properly absorbing and digesting the protein. Lower levels of albumin can be a sign of kidney and liver disease. And can also occur or be noted in crohn's disease, low protein diets, celiac disease, and whipple disease.
High Albumin Levels Signify- Typically high levels of albumin signify dehydration and having a high protein diet. This is usually not a threat and can be easily reversed.
Total Protein Normal Values: 6.0-8.3 g/dL
Low Total Protein Levels Signify- Can suggest a liver or kidney disorder because proteins are not being properly digested or absorbed. this can be a result of malnutrition in particular diseases such as celiac and inflammatory bowel disease.
High Total Protein Levels Signify- Commonly seen as a result of chronic inflammation or with infections such as viral hepatitis or HIV. Some bone marrow disorders such as multiple myeloma can also result in elevated total protein values.
Bun Normal Values:6-10 mg/dL
Low BUN Levels Signify- Not common and a low BUN is usually not of much concern because the issue can resolve itself. If an individual has chronic low BUN levels it is due to severe liver disease, malnutrition, or over hydration. Also, a diet low in protein will result in low BUN levels.
High BUN Levels Signify- Increased Bun levels suggest impaired kidney function. This can be due to acute or chronic kidney disease, kidney damage, or kidney failure. It could also be a result of congestive heart failure, shock, stress, recent heart attack, obstruction of urine flow, and dehydration because these all result in a decreased blood flow to the kidneys. Also, diets high in protein will result in high BUN levels.
Creatinine Normal Values: 0.6-1.3 mg/dL
Low Creatinine Levels Signify- Not common. But when are chronically seen, is a result of decreased muscle mass.
High Creatinine Levels Signify- Suggests kidney disease or other conditions that affect kidney function. Other conditions include, damage or swelling of the blood vessels in the kidneys from infection or an autoimmune disease, bacterial infection in the kidneys, acute tubular necrosis, prostate disease, kidney stones, obstruction of the urinary tract, and reduced blood flow to the kidneys due to shock, dehydration, diabetes, and CHF.
Bilirubin Normal Values: 0.3-1.9 mg/dL
Low Bilirubin Levels Signify- Low levels if bilirubin is generally not of any concern, nor is it monitored. You don't bilirubin in your blood stream.
High Bilirubin Levels Signify- 2 types: unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin. Elevated unconjugated bilirubin levels are a result from hemolytic anemia, transfusion reaction, cirrhosis, and from an inherited condition known as Gilbert syndrome. Elevated levels of conjugated bilirubin are a result of viral hepatitis, drug reactions, and alcoholic liver disease. Elevated conjugated bilirubin levels can also occur when there is a blockage of the bile ducts such as with gallstones, tumors, and scarring of the bile ducts.
Just to distinguish the two types of bilirubin, here's their definitions:
Unconjugated bilirubin - when heme is released from hemoglobin, it is converted to unconjugated bilirubin, It is carried by proteins to the liver. Small amounts are present in the blood.
Conjugated Bilirubin - formed in the liver when sugars are attached to bilirubin. It enters the bile and passes from the liver to the small intestin and is eventually eliminated in the stool. Normally, conjugated bilirubin is not present in the blood.
Albumin Normal Values: 3.5-5.5 g/dL
Low Albumin Levels Signify- A warning and indication that further investigation may be needed. Low albumin levels can reflect a temporary of more permanent condition. Low levels suggest liver disease. It can also reflect diseases in which the kidneys are not preventing albumin from leaking from the blood into the body, thus, not properly absorbing and digesting the protein. Lower levels of albumin can be a sign of kidney and liver disease. And can also occur or be noted in crohn's disease, low protein diets, celiac disease, and whipple disease.
High Albumin Levels Signify- Typically high levels of albumin signify dehydration and having a high protein diet. This is usually not a threat and can be easily reversed.
Total Protein Normal Values: 6.0-8.3 g/dL
Low Total Protein Levels Signify- Can suggest a liver or kidney disorder because proteins are not being properly digested or absorbed. this can be a result of malnutrition in particular diseases such as celiac and inflammatory bowel disease.
High Total Protein Levels Signify- Commonly seen as a result of chronic inflammation or with infections such as viral hepatitis or HIV. Some bone marrow disorders such as multiple myeloma can also result in elevated total protein values.
Bun Normal Values:6-10 mg/dL
Low BUN Levels Signify- Not common and a low BUN is usually not of much concern because the issue can resolve itself. If an individual has chronic low BUN levels it is due to severe liver disease, malnutrition, or over hydration. Also, a diet low in protein will result in low BUN levels.
High BUN Levels Signify- Increased Bun levels suggest impaired kidney function. This can be due to acute or chronic kidney disease, kidney damage, or kidney failure. It could also be a result of congestive heart failure, shock, stress, recent heart attack, obstruction of urine flow, and dehydration because these all result in a decreased blood flow to the kidneys. Also, diets high in protein will result in high BUN levels.
Creatinine Normal Values: 0.6-1.3 mg/dL
Low Creatinine Levels Signify- Not common. But when are chronically seen, is a result of decreased muscle mass.
High Creatinine Levels Signify- Suggests kidney disease or other conditions that affect kidney function. Other conditions include, damage or swelling of the blood vessels in the kidneys from infection or an autoimmune disease, bacterial infection in the kidneys, acute tubular necrosis, prostate disease, kidney stones, obstruction of the urinary tract, and reduced blood flow to the kidneys due to shock, dehydration, diabetes, and CHF.
Bilirubin Normal Values: 0.3-1.9 mg/dL
Low Bilirubin Levels Signify- Low levels if bilirubin is generally not of any concern, nor is it monitored. You don't bilirubin in your blood stream.
High Bilirubin Levels Signify- 2 types: unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin. Elevated unconjugated bilirubin levels are a result from hemolytic anemia, transfusion reaction, cirrhosis, and from an inherited condition known as Gilbert syndrome. Elevated levels of conjugated bilirubin are a result of viral hepatitis, drug reactions, and alcoholic liver disease. Elevated conjugated bilirubin levels can also occur when there is a blockage of the bile ducts such as with gallstones, tumors, and scarring of the bile ducts.
Just to distinguish the two types of bilirubin, here's their definitions:
Unconjugated bilirubin - when heme is released from hemoglobin, it is converted to unconjugated bilirubin, It is carried by proteins to the liver. Small amounts are present in the blood.
Conjugated Bilirubin - formed in the liver when sugars are attached to bilirubin. It enters the bile and passes from the liver to the small intestin and is eventually eliminated in the stool. Normally, conjugated bilirubin is not present in the blood.
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