Friday, February 12, 2016
4p-8p 4 Hours Interned
Saturday, February 13, 2016
2p-10p 8 Hours Interned
Sunday, February 14, 2016
2p-10p 8 Hours Interned
Objective #2:
2.
Will verbally demonstrate knowledge of tests included in a CMP and
CBC/diff including abnormalities, what disease process they might indicate and
possible signs and symptoms that a patient might demonstrate given these
values.
Sodium Normal Values: 135-145 mEq/L
Low Sodium Levels Signify- AKA hyponatremia. Low levels of sodium can be due to loosing too much from diarrhea, vomiting, excessive sweating, use of diuretics, kidney disease, Addison disease, drinking too much water, edema caused by heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition and other diseases and drugs related to anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).
High Sodium Levels Signify- AKA hypernatremia. Almost always caused by loosing too much water from dehydration, too much sodium intake without drinking enough water, and Cushing syndrome caused by not enough ADH AKA diabetes insipidus.
Potassium Normal Values: 3.7-5.2 mEq/L
Low Potassium Levels Signify- AKA hyokalemia. Commonly caused by diuretics. Other drugs such as corticosteroids, beta-adrenergic-agonists and antagonists, antibiotics, and antifungal agents can lower potassium levels too. Other conditions such as diarrhea, conn syndrome, acetaminophen overdose, and in diabetics who do not regulate their condition well.
High Potassium Levels Signify- AKA hyperkalemia. Commonly caused from too much sodium intake from ones diet. Drugs such as NSAIDS, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and potassium-sparing diuretics. Conditions such as kidney and addison disease, injury to tissue, infection, diabetes, and dehydration can all lead to increased potassium levels.
Bicarbonate Normal Values: 23-29 mEq/L
Low Bicarbonate Levels Signify- When C02 levels are low, it suggests the body is having trouble maintaining its acid-base balance. This is due to the body either failing to remove CO2 through the lungs and/or kidneys or a deficiency in potassium. Conditions showing low levels of CO2 are like addison and kidney disease, chronic diarrhea, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, shock, ethylene glycol or methanol poisoning, and salicylate overdose.
High Bicarbonate Levels Signify- When C02 levels are high, like when they are low, it suggests the body is having trouble maintaining its acid-base balance. This is due to the body either failing to remove CO2 through the lungs and/or kidneys or a deficiency in potassium. Conditions showing high levels of CO2 are like cushing and conn syndrome, lung disease, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, and metabolic alkalosis.
ALP Normal Values: 44-147 IU/L
Low ALP Levels Signify- Low levels of ALP can be seen after blood transfusion or heart bypass surgery, deficiency in zinc, malnutrition, in Wilson disease, and in hypophosphatasia.
High ALP Levels Signify- High levels of ALP signify that the liver has been damaged or a condition causing increased bone cell activity is going on. ALP is released when liver cells have been damaged or any condition that affects bone growth. High ALP levels are found in people with a form of liver disease, hepatitis, when bile ducts are blocked, liver cancer, Paget's disease, CHF, hodkin's lymphoma, ulcerative colitis, and particular bacterial infections. Temporary elevated ALP can be seen in pregnancy and when fractured bones are healing.
ALT Normal Values: 10-40 IU/L
Low ALT Levels Signify- Normal ALT levels are typically low, so there is no fret or further investigation needed if they are. An individual wants low ALT levels because otherwise, it indicates liver damage or disease
High ALT Levels Signify- High ALT levels indicate liver damage. The test is used in conjunction to the ALP test. Elevated ALT levels usually signify acute hepatitis, viral infection, as a result of toxic drug exposure to the liver, ischemia, obstruction to the bile ducts, cirrhosis, heart damage, alcohol abuse, liver tumors, and muscle injury. Many drugs, nonrecreational and prescribed, will elevate ALT levels due to causing damage to the liver.
AST Normal Values: 10-34 IU/L
Low AST Levels Signify- Normal AST levels are typically low, so there is no fret or further investigation needed if they are. An individual wants low AST levels because otherwise, it indicates liver disease or damage.
High AST Levels Signify- High AST levels is caused by acute hepatitis, viral infection, ischemia, cirrhosis, liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, and heart attack. Temporary elevated levels can be seen in pregnancy when an injection of medicine has been administered into the muscle tissue, too much exercise, acute burns, surgery, and seizures.
As you can see, ALP, ALT, and AST all have similar results pertaining to their values, this is because they are all evaluated in conjunction to one another. Their levels all become elevated under particular circumstances because they all work together and then are all compared against one another.
Sodium Normal Values: 135-145 mEq/L
Low Sodium Levels Signify- AKA hyponatremia. Low levels of sodium can be due to loosing too much from diarrhea, vomiting, excessive sweating, use of diuretics, kidney disease, Addison disease, drinking too much water, edema caused by heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition and other diseases and drugs related to anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).
High Sodium Levels Signify- AKA hypernatremia. Almost always caused by loosing too much water from dehydration, too much sodium intake without drinking enough water, and Cushing syndrome caused by not enough ADH AKA diabetes insipidus.
Potassium Normal Values: 3.7-5.2 mEq/L
Low Potassium Levels Signify- AKA hyokalemia. Commonly caused by diuretics. Other drugs such as corticosteroids, beta-adrenergic-agonists and antagonists, antibiotics, and antifungal agents can lower potassium levels too. Other conditions such as diarrhea, conn syndrome, acetaminophen overdose, and in diabetics who do not regulate their condition well.
High Potassium Levels Signify- AKA hyperkalemia. Commonly caused from too much sodium intake from ones diet. Drugs such as NSAIDS, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and potassium-sparing diuretics. Conditions such as kidney and addison disease, injury to tissue, infection, diabetes, and dehydration can all lead to increased potassium levels.
Bicarbonate Normal Values: 23-29 mEq/L
Low Bicarbonate Levels Signify- When C02 levels are low, it suggests the body is having trouble maintaining its acid-base balance. This is due to the body either failing to remove CO2 through the lungs and/or kidneys or a deficiency in potassium. Conditions showing low levels of CO2 are like addison and kidney disease, chronic diarrhea, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, shock, ethylene glycol or methanol poisoning, and salicylate overdose.
High Bicarbonate Levels Signify- When C02 levels are high, like when they are low, it suggests the body is having trouble maintaining its acid-base balance. This is due to the body either failing to remove CO2 through the lungs and/or kidneys or a deficiency in potassium. Conditions showing high levels of CO2 are like cushing and conn syndrome, lung disease, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, and metabolic alkalosis.
ALP Normal Values: 44-147 IU/L
Low ALP Levels Signify- Low levels of ALP can be seen after blood transfusion or heart bypass surgery, deficiency in zinc, malnutrition, in Wilson disease, and in hypophosphatasia.
High ALP Levels Signify- High levels of ALP signify that the liver has been damaged or a condition causing increased bone cell activity is going on. ALP is released when liver cells have been damaged or any condition that affects bone growth. High ALP levels are found in people with a form of liver disease, hepatitis, when bile ducts are blocked, liver cancer, Paget's disease, CHF, hodkin's lymphoma, ulcerative colitis, and particular bacterial infections. Temporary elevated ALP can be seen in pregnancy and when fractured bones are healing.
ALT Normal Values: 10-40 IU/L
Low ALT Levels Signify- Normal ALT levels are typically low, so there is no fret or further investigation needed if they are. An individual wants low ALT levels because otherwise, it indicates liver damage or disease
High ALT Levels Signify- High ALT levels indicate liver damage. The test is used in conjunction to the ALP test. Elevated ALT levels usually signify acute hepatitis, viral infection, as a result of toxic drug exposure to the liver, ischemia, obstruction to the bile ducts, cirrhosis, heart damage, alcohol abuse, liver tumors, and muscle injury. Many drugs, nonrecreational and prescribed, will elevate ALT levels due to causing damage to the liver.
AST Normal Values: 10-34 IU/L
Low AST Levels Signify- Normal AST levels are typically low, so there is no fret or further investigation needed if they are. An individual wants low AST levels because otherwise, it indicates liver disease or damage.
High AST Levels Signify- High AST levels is caused by acute hepatitis, viral infection, ischemia, cirrhosis, liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, and heart attack. Temporary elevated levels can be seen in pregnancy when an injection of medicine has been administered into the muscle tissue, too much exercise, acute burns, surgery, and seizures.
As you can see, ALP, ALT, and AST all have similar results pertaining to their values, this is because they are all evaluated in conjunction to one another. Their levels all become elevated under particular circumstances because they all work together and then are all compared against one another.
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